SS 1

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• English Language
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Chemistry

English Language

WEEK 1

Topic : Sentence Structure and Types

Definition of a sentence: a sentence could be defined as a group of words which makes complete meaning or it could be defined as any linguistic utterance which contains a subject and a predicate used to express complete thought examples:

1. He has been reading all day long.
2. The people of Nigeria work mainly on the land
3. I saw him

Every sentence is made up to two essential parts they are called subject and predicate, and the provide the full meaning of the sentence

Subject – tell us whom or what the sentence is about

Predicate – says something about the subject

e.g. (2) the people of Nigeria

Subject – the person we are speaking about

Predicate – work mainly on the land (informs us what they do)

Please not all sentence are arranged in exactly different pattern

In the south, the dry season last for November to February

Subject: the dry season (the thing we are speaking about) 

Predicate – in the south last from November to February

(informs us where and when it occurs) all sentences must begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark.

Types of sentence according to construction / sentence structure

1. Simple sentence
2. Compound sentence
3. Complex sentence
4. Compound – complex sentence

• Simple sentence: this is a sentence that is made up of one main clause expresses a single thought and has one finite verb. Examples: 
  1. He is a happy man
  2. God is good
  3. Obi is a boy

• Complex sentence: this is a sentence that is formed with a main clause and one or more subordinate clause joined together a subordinate conjunction, examples:
  1. Hi is happy because God answered all his prayers.
  2. He will go to school if he pays his school fees.
  3. Jude travelled home and brought his cousin to live with him.

• Compound sentence: this is a sentence that is made up of  two main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses, examples:
  • When I went to the church, I saw Ngozika my friend and we had choir practice together

Evaluation (assignment)

1. Which of these is not a type of sentence?    A. compound sentence     B. simple sentence     C. compound simple sentence       D. complex sentence
2. What type of sentence is this? I came to your house     A. complex sentence     B. simple sentence     C. compound sentence     D. compound simple sentence
3. Mr obi has no money and his wife left him. Identify the type of sentence     A. simple sentence      B. compound sentence     C. compound simple sentence     D. compound complex sentence
4. My mother went to the market, and bought some food stuff to keep in the store against covid 19 pandemic. Identify the type of sentence      A. complex sentence      B. compound sentence    C. simple sentence      D. compound complex sentence
5. She went to the station that right but was not allowed to see him     A. complex sentence      B. simple sentence      C. compound complex sentence       D. compound sentence   

WEEK 2

Phrasal Verbs II

Definition of phrasal verbs:

Phrasal verbs, so called are phrases which comprise verbs plus one, or more preposition and adverbs.

Their meaning change as a result of that combination from the usual meaning of the verbs themselves sometimes phrasal verbs are referred to as COLLOCATIONS. Thus when a verb takes a particular preposition such a verb is said to collocate with that preposition follows from this that a verb can collocate with other preposition or an adverb, is called phrasal verb. Phrasal verb is also a combination of words (a verb + a preposition or verb  + adverb) that when used together usually take on a different meaning to that of the original verb

Examples

	Phrasal verbs	Meaning
1	Take after	To follow someone’s example
2	Look up	To respect
3	Put off	Postponed
4	Take up	Understand / deceive
5	Take over	Replace someone
6	Call off	To cancel something
7	Cheer on	To support someone
8	Come up	To think of an idea
9	Come across	To meet or find chance
10	Drop by	To stop for a visit, for a short time.

Evaluation (Assignment)

From the box choose the correct answer

(wear, postpone, sleep, soothe, rise, change, review, overcome, explode, discover)

1. Turn into ____________
2. Blow off _____________
3. Stand up _____________
4. Break though _________
5. Try on _______________
6. Put off _______________
7. Go over ______________
8. Find out ______________
9. Doze off ______________
10. Calm down ____________ 

Mathematics

WEEK 1

Topic: Logic Reasoning

Simple statement: A statement is a spoken or written sentence that gives information about something or statement may be true or false.

Types of statement: there are two types of statement, open and closed statement. A closed statement is either true or false. It is about well – defined thing. An open state is a statement that you cannot tell whether it is true or false.

Example of a closed statement:

i. Lagos is a city in Nigeria    ii. Abuja is the capital of Nigeria

Example of an open statement:

i. what a wonder?     Ii. X is an even number

Note: a sentence must have a verb which a statement includes a sentence and a non – sentence

Example 1: decide whether or not each of the following is sentence and I or a statement also say whether it is true or false.  

  i. Lagos is a city in Nigeria    ii. Who is she?     Iii. They are lovely people    iv. 3×2 = 5       v. Submit your homework

Table:    Y = Yes      N = No  

Expression	A sentence	A sentence	True or false
a	Y	Y	True
b	Y	N	Not applicable ( a question
c	Y	Y	Impossible to say
d	Y	Y	False
e	Y	N	Not applicable ( command)

Example: for each of the following, say whether it is a closed or open statement or neither, also whether it is true or false.    i. 3 is an odd number    ii. X is an even number   iii. What is your name?   iv. The niger a famous European river    v. salt and pepper   vi. Chemistry is a science subject

Expression	Closed ?	Open ?	Neither?	True or false
A	_/			Time
B		_/		Impossible to say
C			_/	Not applicable
D	_/			False
E			_/	Not applicable
F	_/			True

Assignment

1. Decide whether or not each of the following is a sentence and or a statement. Also say whether it is true or false give your answer in a table
   • (a): My mother is 70 years old
   • (b): Sit down
   • (c): The earth is spherical
   • (d): As good as gold
   • (e): 2 + 6 = 9
   • (f): Who is outside the gate?
2. For each of the following expression day whether it is closed or an open statement or neither; also whether it is true or false.
   • (a): Kano is in Nigeria
   • (b): Abuja is the capital of Ghana
   • (c): She is innocent
   • (d): The daily news
   • (e): (1,2,3,5) is a set of odd numbers

Biology

WEEK 1

TOPIC: Ecology and Some Ecological Concepts

Ecology is defined as the study of plants and animals in relation to their environment. Ecology is divided into 2 main branches

1. Autecology –  concerned with the study of a single species of organism and its environment
2. Synecology – concerned with the study of  group of organisms living together in an area e.g the study of different organisms in a river in relation to their aquatic environment.

Ecological concepts used in the study of ecology

1. Environment: this includes all factors external and internal, living and non – living factors which affects an organism
2. Biosphere: this is the zone of the earth occupied living organisms. It is  a layer of life which exists on the earth surface it provides habitat for organisms like provides habitat for organisms like animals, plants and micro – organisms
3. Lithosphere – this is solid portion of the earth it is the outer most layer of the earth crust it is made up of rocks and basis of all human settlement
4. Hydrosphere – this is the liquid or aquatic part of the earth? It covers about 70% or 2/3 of the earth’s crust.  Example of hydrosphere are lake, pond, spring, ocean, rivers etc
5. Atmosphere: this is the gaseous portion of the earth it is a layer of gases surrounding the earth it contains 78% of nitrogen 21% oxygen, 03% carbon dioxide
6. Habitat: this is defined as an area occupied a biotic community it is a place where an organisms lives naturally it is the natural home of an organism e.g  the habitat of the fish is water type of habitats are aquatic habitat – river, lake, ponds, seas terrestrial habitat e.g savanna, forest, desert etc
7. Biotic community or biome: this is the largest community of organisms E.g rain forest, guinea savanna etc
8. Ecological niche:  this is the specific portion of a habitat which is occupied a particular species it is the functional position of an organism within the community
9. Population: this is the total number of organism of the same species living together in a given area e.g the total number of tilapia fish in a pond forms the population of tilapia in that habitat
10. Ecosystem: this refers to the community of plants and animals functioning together with their non – living environment

Evaluation

1. Explain ecology
2. Explain the following terms
3. Environment
4. Lithosphere
5. Biome
6. Eco – systems   

WEEK 2

Topic : Modes of Nutrition

There are 2 major modes of nutrition. First is autotrophic while the second is the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

Autotrophic mode of nutrition

Autotrophic organisms are able to manufacture their own food autotrophism is further divided into 2 types  

i. holophytic or photosynthetic mode: In holophytic or photosynthetic mode is same as photosynthesis which is the process which plants manufacture their own food using water and CO2 in the presence of sunlight, while Oxygen is given off as the bye product.

In chemosynthesis, certain bacteria synthesis organic materials such as CO2, ammonia, water to manufacture their food. The energy used for the process comes from the oxidation of inorganic materials

Heterotrophic mode of nutrition

In this type, organisms cannot make their food. They depend on plant directly or indirectly

Example are as follows

1. Holozoic nutrition – i. carnivorous e.g diage etc    ii. Herbivorous e.g sheep, goat, iii. Omnivorous e.g man,pig
2. Parasitic mode of nutrition: parasitism this is the feeding relationship between two living organism in which one (parasite) benefits while the other (host) suffers and is harmed e.g worms that live in intestine of man
3. Symbiotic mode of nutrition: I symbiosis two living organisms live together and both benefit from the association e.g   i. bacteria (rhizobium) living in the root nodules of leguminous plants   ii. Algae and fungi to form lichen     iii. Flower and butterfly etc
4. Saprophytic mode of nutrition: this is the process wheresome organisms feed on dead and decayed organic substance their type of digestion is extra cellular digestion e.g mushroom, mucor etc.
5. Insectivorous or carnivorous nutrition: carnivorous plants have devices for trapping and digesting nutrition compound from bodies of insects these plants still have green leaves to help them carry out photosynthesis carnivorous plants grow in places where there are no nitrogen or little nitrogen and so they use and trap insect as sources of nitrogen  examples are : sundew, bladderwort, pitcher plant veuns fly trap etc.

Evaluation

1. Mention the two major types of nutrition
2. Explain the difference between autotrophism and heterotrophism
3. List 3 examples of carnivorous plant.
4. Give a reason why these plants suck insect.         

Chemistry

WEEK 1

Topic : The Assumption of the Kinetic Theory of Gases and the Ideal Gas Law/Equation 

The Assumption of the Kinetic Theory of Gases

These assumptions are only time for ideal/perfect gases but nature for real gases they include:

1. The gas molecules/ particles are always in constant random motion in a straight line
2. The collision of the gas molecules are perfectly elastic i.e. They do not lose their energy to momentary when they collide with one another or the walls of the containers
3. The force of attraction holding the gas molecules together is negligible
4. The volume occupied the gas molecules is negligible compared with the volume of the container in which they are placed
5. The average kinetic energy (KE) of the gas molecules is directly proportional to the temperature (T) of the gas i.e. K.E & T

The ideal gas equation/law the ideal gas in a hypothetical or naturally non existing gas, which volume pressure and temperature behavior can be completely accounted for the ideal gas equation thus, we can usefully use the ideal gas equation to measure or account for the behavior real gas and solve many gas problems

How to derive the equation

Consider the volume (v) of a given mass (m) of a gas with amount in moles (h) in a container at a temperature (t) and pressure (p) moving with a velocity © condoning the parameters/condition above to form a single mater equation for the behavior of gases we have    PV= ½ MC²    but ½ mc² = KE = T  i.e. PV = T (k) since PV = T which is constant (k) then PV = T multiplied any other constant

Therefore, PV= nRT because the amount in mole in any give mass in always constant. And R in universal gas constant with a constant value of 0.082 atom dm3 K-1 MOT-1.  

Thus the equation PV—NRT in the ideal gas equation

                                         Problem

A gas occupies a volume of 5.0dm3 at pressure 2 atom and temperature of 10⁰c calculate the amount in moles of the Gas (R= 0.082 atom dm ³ K ^{– 1}  mol ^{– 1} 0⁰c = 273k)

Solution:

By definition PV = nRT  

i.e. P = 2atm     V= 5.0 dm³     n = ?     R= 0.082 atom dm³ k ^{– 1} mol ^{– 1}      T = 10⁰c = (10 + 273) k = 283k   therefore substituting for our known value we have

2atm x 5odm3 = n x 0.082atmdm³ K ^-1  x 283k     = = (10 .0 )/(23.206mol )       = 0.431 moles

Evaluation

1. Which of the following statement is not a postulate of the kinetic theory of gases    A. molecules move with the same speed    B. intermolecular force are negligible     C. molecules are in a state of constant random motion      D. collision between molecules is elastic
2. The volume occupied a given mass of gas depends on its     A. diffusion rate     B. temperature and pressure     C. degree of solubility     D. relative density
3. The gas molecules are said to be perfectly elastic because     A. they move about in a straight line     C. the distance between them is negligible     D. the volume occupied them is negligible
4. The constant value of the universal gas constant, R in       A. 0.0082 atmdm³ K ^-1 mol ^{– 1}      B. 0.820atmdm³ k ^{– 1} mol ^{– 1}       C. 0.802atmdm³ k ^{– 1} mol ^{– 1}      D. 0.082atmdm³ k ^{– 1}  mol ^{– 1}

WEEK 2

Topic : The kinetic theory of matter

The kinetic theory of  matter state that matter is made up of particles which possess kinetic energy that keep them continuously in motion and spaced out in the various forms of matter – solid, liquid and gas then the average kinetic energy (KE) of the particles is directly proportional to the temperature (T) of matter ie K.E. X T

Processes that provides evidence to show that matter is made up of particles

1. diffusion   
2. osmosis
3. dissolution of solids in liquids
4. evaporation
5. dilution of colour
6. sublimation
7. Brownian motion/ movement etc.

Application of kinetic theory to the 3 state of matter

Solid – in the solid, the particle are held together strong inter – particle forces or force of collusion or attraction this force of collusion maybe electrovalent, covalent metallic or even very weak van der waal force. Consequently volume and thus very difficult to compress although the particles possess kinetic energy, they cannot translate or move from one place to another but can only vibrate or rotate about their fixed positions. when the solid is heated the particle acquire increased kinetic energy absorbing the heat energy and changing it into kinetic energy, which makes the particle to move and vibrate more violently than before until the force of attraction holding them together is broken and they begin to move at this point, the solid has melted or liquefied or changed from solid to liquid ie    soild  liquid. The temperature (TC) at which the solid changes liquid is known as melting point also at melting point, the solid and its liquid phase are in equilibrium. But in some solid such as iodine (I₂) crystals and ammomuim chronicle (NH₄ CL) when heated, they change directly from solid to vapour/gas state this phenomenon is called sublimation however in all of this, the heat energy supplied to change the solid to liquid is known as latent (hidden) heat of fusion secondly it should be generally noted that, the presence of an impurity in a solid lowers its melting point. Liquid – in the liquid, the particles are held together weak force of cohesion which may ne covalent or hydrogen bonding in nature consequently, the liquid has no definite shape but definite volume and hence hard to compress also it usually take the shape of the container in which it is placed since the particle possess kinetic energy and the force of cohesion holding them together is weak, they are always in constant random motion ie. They can move about or translate, vibrate and rotates and this can be demonstrated the Brownian motion experiment however their movement are somehow restricted because they are still under the influence of force of cohesion. When a liquid is heated, the particles also acquire increased kinetic energy absorbing the heat energy supplied this makes it move faster and more violently, breaking the force of attraction holding them together that is the liquid changes to its vapour or gas and escapes from the container with a vapour pressure or saturated vapour pressure ie. Liquid  vapour/gas however  another pressure known as atmospheric pressure acts against the saturated vapour pressure until the two pressures are equal, which is noticed the presence of bubbles in the liquid which rise to the surface at this juncture, the liquid is said to boil thus the temperature (T^oC) at which the saturated vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure is known as boiling point also at boiling point, the liquid and its vapour phase are in equilibrium it should be noted that the presence of impurities in a liquid, increases its boiling point the heat energy supplied to change the liquid to its vapour/gas phase is called latent heat of vaporization note that this latent heat of vaporization cannot be detected a thermometer because it is not used to increase the temperature of the system but to break force of cohesion between the particle of the liquid.

Gas – in the gas, the particle are held together very weak force of cohesion, hence they are always in constant random motion in all directions and can only be restricted the walls of the container thus the gas has no definite shape and no definite volume but occupies the volume of the container in which it is placed and because the particles are relatively far apart, it can easily be compressed. When a gas heated, the particles acquire increase kinetic energy, move faster collode with one another, bombard/hit the walls of the container violently and exerting pressure on it until the container possibly break open to liberate the gas

         Evaluation

1. The particle of the soild exhibit    A. vibrational motion only     B. vibrational and translation motion     C. vibrational and random         D. random and translational motion
2. The vapour presence of a liquid depends on I temperature    ii rate of condensation  iii cohesive force binding the particles together     A. I only     B. I and ii only       C. I and iii only     D. ii and iii only
3. The pressure excited a gas is a function of the     A. total volume of the gas    B. speed of the gas molecule     C, mass of each gas molecule     D. frequency of collision between gas molecules and the wall of the container
4. Which of the following variable is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules    A. density    B. pressure     C. temperature     D. volume
5. When a solid melts and consequently boils, there is     A. a gradual increase in the average kinetic of the particles    B. a sudden decrease in the average kinetic energy of the particles      C. no change in the average kinetic energy of the particles     D. a rapid change in the bonding nature of the components